Stem Cell Culture
Stem cells possess the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various specialized cell types in response to specific signals. These remarkable properties make stem cells crucial for tissue repair, regeneration, and replacement, as they can generate the diverse cells needed to restore damaged tissues. Due to their potential for therapeutic applications, stem cells are invaluable tools in regenerative medicine, enabling the development of innovative therapies for a range of conditions, including degenerative diseases, injury recovery, and various forms of tissue damage. Their versatility and regenerative capabilities continue to drive significant advances in stem cell research and treatment strategies.
Overview
Types and Features of Stem Cells
Stem cells have unlimited self-renewal capabilities and are non-differentiated cells with unspecialized functions. Stem cells can differentiate into specific cell types under the right conditions. Stem cells are broadly characterized into multipotent or pluripotent stem cells.
Multipotent stem cells include adult stem cells that can self-renew or differentiate into specialized, tissue-specific cell types. Examples include hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate into various blood cells; mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that differentiate into osteoblasts, myocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes; and neural stem cells (NSCs) that differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell lineage. They are classified based on the tissue of origin into embryonic stem cells (ESCs), perinatal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). ESCs are derived from embryos and can divide indefinitely in an in vivo stem cell culture. Perinatal stem cells are derived from umbilical or placental blood or tissue, and are the most widely used pluripotent stem cells. Cord blood banking at birth is increasingly accepted as an option for treating complicated disorders later in life. iPSCs are adult cells that are reprogrammed, or induced to behave like ESCs. The significant advantage of using iPSCs for medical applications is the reduced chance of graft rejection, since the cells are derived from the patient’s own tissues.
Stem Cell Research Applications
Stem cells occupy an active and growing area of basic science and clinical research due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into mature cell types. Current clinical applications for stem cells include treatments for neurological and cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancer, wound healing, and disease modeling and drug screening. Newly discovered gene editing technologies like CRISPR may advance stem cell research and offer enormous promise in treating difficult disorders.
Stem Cell Culture Basics
Stem cells require specialized, high-quality media and expert culture techniques for propagation in the laboratory. Suboptimal stem cell culture conditions can easily lead to unwanted stem cell differentiation or to cellular senescence. Stem cell differentiation is triggered by various factors in vivo, some of which can be replicated in in vitro stem cell cultures. Some stem cell lines are immortal and can be cultured indefinitely, so it is imperative to select the right stem cell type for your research application.
Recent advances in the stem cell field have been due to the advent of CRISPR genome editing technology and 3D cell culture techniques. Advanced protocols such as those that generate organoids from iPSCs have provided scientists with more predictive in vitro models of human disease.