GPR109 Monoclonal Antibody (4NZBRGO), Alexa Fluor™ 647, eBioscience™, Invitrogen™

Description

• This 4NZBRGO antibody has not been tested for reactivity with human GPR109B
• Applications Reported: This 4NZBRGO antibody has been reported for use in flow cytometric analysis
• Applications Tested: This 4NZBRGO antibody has been pre-diluted and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells
• This may be used at 5 μL (0.25 μg) per test
• A test is defined as the amount (μg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 μL
• Cell number should be determined empirically but can range from 10^5 to 10^8 cells/test
• Excitation: 633-647 nm; Emission: 668 nm; Laser: Red Laser
• Filtration: 0.2 μm post-manufacturing filtered
• GPR109A (also known as HCA2, HM74a, and NIACR1) is a 42kDa G-protein coupled receptor that belongs to a family of three hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptors, which also include GPR109B and GPR81
• GPR109A has two known ligands: niacin and butyrate (or its derivative 3-hydroxybutyrate)
• The endogenous ligands for GPR109B and GPR81 are 3-hydroxyl-octanoic acid and 2-hydroxy-propanoate (lactate), respectively
• GPR109A is expressed on adipocytes, neutrophils, Langerhans cells, keratinocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, and intestinal colonic macrophages
• Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is known to improve cholesterol metabolism (LDL/HDL ratio) and reduce inflammation
• It has been demonstrated that this effect is mediated through GPR109A
• Notably, GPR109A also has an essential role in suppressing inflammation and cancer in the colon
• Both GPR109A ligands are produced by colonic commensal bacteria
• In mice, GPR109A expression on intestinal epithelial cells and DCs/macrophages contributes to the suppression of colitis and colon cancer
• In humans, GPR109A is silenced in colon carcinoma cells by DNA methylation, which increases inflammation in the intestinal tract.