Titles included are: Introduction to Fossils, Introduction to Rocks, Introduction to Minerals, and Introduction to Gemstones
E103 Introduction to Fossils - Fossils were a mystery for thousands of years until a few pioneering scientists realized that they were the remains or traces of once-living organisms
Well-known bone-type fossils are actually rocks, the result of a process called mineralization in which minerals replace decaying tissue
This process is shown and explained
All of the other fossil types are also explored
The rarity of fossils is dramatically presented, and strange things sometimes mistaken for fossils are identified
There's an introduction to fossil expeditions and a summary of how fossils contribute to our understanding of the earth and life on it
There is an especially helpful section on the relationships between fossils and geology
It covers the principle of original horizontality, the law of superimposition, the principle of faunal succession, the geological time scale, index fossils, relative dating, and absolute dating
All of this is conveyed through detailed illustrations showing the processes, excellent photographs of representative specimens, and interesting and informative captions
This poster is a great aid to museum interpretive programs and is extremely beneficial in the study of both life and earth sciences
E104 Introduction to Rocks - This is an outstanding rock identification chart! The introduction explains that each type of rock is the result of a specific mixture of minerals subjected to a clearly defined geological process
It shows and describes the most common rock-forming minerals and variations that occur within rock types
The bulk of the poster is divided into three sections, one for each rock type: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
An illustration shows how they are made, and a photograph shows a natural formation
A dozen other photographs show representative specimens
Each is accompanied by an informative caption citing identifying characteristics and common variations
A bonus section shows and explains some of the more specialized and popular rock forms, such as geodes, concretions, agates, and meteorites
This is a great poster for earth science classes
Rock collectors find it invaluable for quick reference
E105 Introduction to Minerals - This poster begins by defining a mineral
It then expands on that by exploring atoms, molecules, and crystal structure
The various crystal structures are explained
This is followed by an excellent summary of the mineral classes
Mineral collectors and students want to identify their specimens
However, specimens of the same mineral can vary greatly in appearance, which can make that a daunting task
Identification is based on a number of properties
This poster provides an outstanding introduction to those properties: hardness, habit, luster, cleavage, specific gravity, color, streak, and fluorescence
Illustrations are used to explain principles
Photographs of truly outstanding specimens are used as examples
E107 Introduction to Gemstones - This poster begins by showing the most popular gemstones, grouped together by class
It explains the important Four C's of gemstones - cut, clarity, color, and caret, followed by an introduction to other important qualities such as asterism, opalescence, hardness, and pattern
The next row provides wonderful illustrations of the important gemstone cuts, accompanied by an explanation
This is followed by an introduction to cabochons
It then presents an assortment of jewelry
The focus is on affordable items, including some that enthusiasts can make themselves
Next comes non-jewelry use of gemstones - collectible eggs, carvings, decorative slabs, and royal crowns
Of course, we had to include a famous Faberge egg
The bottom row presents all the birthstones, in accordance with modern-day standards.